Absentee BallotAbsentee Ballot is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. AbstentionAbstention is a federal court term connected to jurisdiction and justiciability; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Abuse of DiscretionAbuse of Discretion is a federal court term connected to judicial decisions and opinions; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. AccountabilityAccountability is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. ActAct is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Action CodesAction Codes identify stages that condense detailed legislative action steps. AdjournFormally end a meeting of a chamber or committee. Adjourn Sine DieAdjourn Sine Die is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Adjournment Sine DieAn adjournment that terminates an annual session of Congress. A “sine die” (“without day”) adjournment sets no day for. AdjudicationAdjudication is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. AdministrationAdministration is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Administrative AgencyAdministrative Agency is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Administrative HearingAdministrative Hearing is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Administrative LawAdministrative Law is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Administrative Office of the U.S. CourtsAdministrative Office of the U.S. Courts is a federal court term connected to federal court administration; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Administrative ProcedureAdministrative Procedure is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Administrative Procedure ActAdministrative Procedure Act is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Administrative RecordAdministrative Record is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. AdmissibilityAdmissibility is a federal court term connected to evidence and proof; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. AdoptAdopt is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Adversarial SystemAdversarial System is a federal court term connected to federal court structure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Advice And ConsentAdvice And Consent is the Senate’s constitutional role in reviewing and voting on many presidential nominations and treaties. It gives the Senate a formal check on parts of presidential power, especially appointments to courts, cabinet offices, ambassadorships, and other major offices. AdvocacyAdvocacy is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. AffirmedAffirmed means an appellate court has upheld the lower court’s decision. AgencyAgency is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Agency GuidanceAgency Guidance is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. AgendaAgenda is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and ExplosivesAlcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. AmbassadorAmbassador is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. AmbassadorshipAmbassadorship is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. AmendAmend is a legislative term connected to budget and lawmaking; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Amend and PassAmend and Pass is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. AmendmentA proposed change to a pending text (e.g., a bill, resolution, another amendment, or a treaty [or an associated. Amendment ExchangeAlso referred to as “amendments between the houses” or, colloquially, “ping-pong.” A method for reconciling differences. Amendment in the Nature of a SubstituteAmendment that seeks to replace the entire text of an underlying measure. AmendmentsAmendments is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Amicus BriefAmicus Brief is a federal court term connected to Supreme Court practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Amicus CuriaeAmicus Curiae is a federal court term connected to Supreme Court practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. AmnestyAmnesty is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. AnswerAnswer is a federal court term connected to court pleadings and parties; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. AppealAppeal is a federal court term connected to litigation procedure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. AppellantAppellant is a federal court term connected to court pleadings and parties; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Appellate CourtAppellate Court is a federal court term connected to federal court structure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Appellate JurisdictionAppellate Jurisdiction is a federal court term connected to jurisdiction and justiciability; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. AppelleeAppellee is a federal court term connected to court pleadings and parties; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. AppointeeAppointee is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. AppointmentAppointment is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. ApportionmentApportionment is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. AppropriationAn appropriation is legal authority for government money to be spent for a specific purpose. Appropriation BillAppropriation Bill is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. AppropriationsLaws that provide money for federal programs and operations. Arbitrary And Capricious StandardA legal standard courts use to review agency action under the Administrative Procedure Act, asking whether the agency acted reasonably and explained its decision based on the record. Arrest WarrantArrest Warrant is a federal court term connected to evidence and proof; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. ArticleArticle is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Article III CourtArticle III Court is a federal court whose judges receive life tenure and salary protection under Article III of the Constitution. Articles of ConfederationThe first national governing framework of the United States before the Constitution. Assistant SecretaryAssistant Secretary is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Associate JusticeAssociate Justice is a federal court term connected to federal court structure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. at-Large Seatat-Large Seat is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. AuditAudit is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. AuthenticationAuthentication is a federal court term connected to evidence and proof; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. AuthorityAuthority is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. AuthorizationAuthorization creates or continues a program or activity and may set policy or funding limits. Authorization BillAuthorization Bill is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature.

BailiffBailiff is a federal court term connected to federal court structure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. BallotBallot is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. Bankruptcy CourtA bankruptcy court is a specialized federal court that handles bankruptcy cases under federal bankruptcy law. Bankruptcy JudgeBankruptcy Judge is a federal court term connected to federal court structure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Bench TrialBench Trial is a federal court term connected to litigation procedure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Beyond a Reasonable DoubtBeyond a Reasonable Doubt is a federal court term connected to evidence and proof; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. BicameralLiterally, “two chambers;” in a legislative body, having two houses (as in the House of Representatives and the Senate. BicameralismBicameralism is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. BillThe primary form of legislative measure used to propose law. Depending on the chamber of origin, bills begin with a. Bill IntroductionBill Introduction is a legislative term connected to budget and lawmaking; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Bill Of AttainderA Bill Of Attainder is a law that punishes a specific person or group without a judicial trial. The Constitution forbids Congress and the states from passing bills of attainder because punishment is supposed to come through courts and due process, not legislative declaration. Bill of RightsBill of Rights is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Bill SummaryUpon introduction of a bill or resolution in the House or Senate, legislative analysts in the Congressional Research. Binding PrecedentBinding Precedent is a federal court term connected to appellate practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. BipartisanBipartisan is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. BriefA brief is a written legal argument explaining the facts, law, and reasons a court should rule a certain way. BudgetBudget is a legislative term connected to budget and lawmaking; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Budget AuthorityBudget Authority is a legislative term connected to budget and lawmaking; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Budget BillBudget Bill is a legislative term connected to budget and lawmaking; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Budget HearingBudget Hearing is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Budget ResolutionA measure (provided for by the Congressional Budget Act of 1974, as amended) that sets forth a congressional budget. Burden of ProofBurden of Proof is a federal court term connected to evidence and proof; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. BureauBureau is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and ExplosivesBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Bureau of Indian AffairsBureau of Indian Affairs is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. BureaucracyBureaucracy is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. By RequestA designation on a measure indicating that the member has introduced the measure on behalf of someone else (e.g., the. Byrd RuleThe Byrd Rule is a Senate rule that limits what can be included in budget reconciliation bills.

CabinetCabinet is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Cabinet DepartmentCabinet Department is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. CalendarLists of measures, motions, and matters that are (or soon will become) eligible for consideration on the chamber floor. Calendar PlacementCalendar placement is the step of putting a measure on a chamber’s list for possible floor action. CampaignCampaign is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. Campaign FinanceCampaign Finance is a civic and constitutional law term used to understand government power, rights, or public process. CandidateCandidate is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. Career EmployeeCareer Employee is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Case ManagementCase Management is a federal court term connected to federal court administration; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Case or ControversyCase or Controversy is a federal court term connected to jurisdiction and justiciability; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. CaucusCaucus is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. CBO – Congressional Budget OfficeThe Congressional Budget Office is a legislative branch agency that produces independent analyses of budgetary and. CensureCensure is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. CensusCensus is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Centers for Disease Control and PreventionCenters for Disease Control and Prevention is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid ServicesCenters for Medicare and Medicaid Services is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Central Intelligence AgencyCentral Intelligence Agency is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Cert PetitionCert Petition is a federal court term connected to Supreme Court practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Cert PoolCert Pool is a federal court term connected to Supreme Court practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. CertificationCertification is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. CertiorariCertiorari is the Supreme Court’s discretionary order agreeing to review a lower-court decision. Chain of CommandChain of Command is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. ChallengerChallenger is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. ChamberChamber is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Checks and BalancesTools one branch can use to limit, review, or influence another branch. Chief JusticeChief Justice is a federal court term connected to federal court structure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Chief of StaffChief of Staff is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. CircuitCircuit is a federal court term connected to federal court administration; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Circuit CourtCircuit Court is a federal court term connected to federal court structure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Circuit JudgeCircuit Judge is a federal court term connected to federal court structure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Circumstantial EvidenceCircumstantial Evidence is a federal court term connected to evidence and proof; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Civil CaseCivil Case is a federal court term connected to court pleadings and parties; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Civil LibertiesCivil Liberties is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Civil LibertyCivil Liberty is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Civil RightCivil Right is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Civil RightsCivil Rights is a civic and constitutional law term used to understand government power, rights, or public process. Civil ServiceCivil Service is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Clear and Convincing EvidenceClear and Convincing Evidence is a federal court term connected to evidence and proof; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Clear ErrorClear Error is a federal court term connected to judicial decisions and opinions; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. ClemencyClemency is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Clerk of CourtA clerk of court is the court official responsible for records, filings, dockets, and many administrative functions. Clerk’s OfficeClerk’s Office is a federal court term connected to Supreme Court practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Closed RuleA closed rule is a House floor rule that allows debate on a bill but does not allow floor amendments. Closed SessionClosed Session is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. ClotureThe method by which a supermajority (typically, three-fifths) of the Senate may agree to limit further debate and. CM/ECFCM/ECF is the federal courts’ electronic filing and case-management system. CoalitionCoalition is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. CodificationCodification is a legislative term connected to budget and lawmaking; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Commander in ChiefCommander in Chief is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Commerce ClauseThe Commerce Clause gives Congress power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, among the states, and with Tribal nations. It is one of the most important sources of federal domestic regulatory authority because many economic activities cross state lines or affect national markets. Commerce PowerCommerce Power is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. CommissionCommission is a federal court term connected to federal court administration; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. CommitteeCommittee is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Committee / SubcommitteeA panel (or subpanel) with members from the House or Senate (or both) tasked with conducting hearings, examining and. Committee ChairThe member of the majority party on a committee who has formal responsibility over the panel’s agenda and resources. Committee MarkupThe committee stage where members debate, amend, and vote on whether to report a measure for further consideration. Committee Of The WholeA parliamentary device designed to allow greater participation in floor consideration of measures. It can be understood. Committee ReferralCommittee referral is the step where a bill is sent to the committee or committees responsible for its subject. Committee ReportDocument accompanying a measure reported from a committee. It contains an explanation of the provisions of the measure. Committee SubstituteCommittee Substitute is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Committee-Related ActivityA committee or subcommittee may interact with a bill in a variety of ways. Bills may be referred to or discharged from. CommunicationsWritten statements, messages or petitions sent to the Congress by the President of the United States, executive branch. Companion MeasureIdentical or substantially similar measures introduced in the other chamber. Identical bills, procedurally-related. Compensatory DamagesCompensatory Damages is a federal court term connected to rights and remedies; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. ComplaintA complaint is the document that starts many civil cases by stating the plaintiff’s claims and requested relief. ComplianceCompliance is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Compliance ReviewCompliance Review is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. ConcurConcur is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. ConcurrenceConcurrence is a federal court term connected to judicial decisions and opinions; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Concurrent JurisdictionConcurrent Jurisdiction is a federal court term connected to jurisdiction and justiciability; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Concurrent PowerConcurrent Power is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Concurrent PowersConcurrent Powers is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Concurrent ResolutionA form of legislative measure used for the regulation of business within both chambers of Congress, not for proposing. Concurring OpinionConcurring Opinion is a federal court term connected to appellate practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. ConfereesMembers of the House and Senate appointed to a conference committee. Also sometimes called “managers.” ConferenceConference is a federal court term connected to Supreme Court practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Conference CommitteeA conference committee is a temporary House-Senate committee that works out differences between two versions of a bill. Conference ReportThe document presenting an agreement reached by a joint temporary committee (a conference committee) appointed to. ConfirmationConfirmation is a federal court term connected to federal court administration; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Confirmation HearingConfirmation Hearing is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Conflict of InterestConflict of Interest is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Congressional Budget OfficeCongressional Budget Office is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Congressional DistrictA geographic district that elects one member to the U.S. House of Representatives. Congressional OversightCongressional Oversight is Congress’s review of executive agencies, federal programs, spending, officials, and implementation of laws. It can include hearings, document requests, reports, investigations, and subpoenas. Congressional RecordThe Congressional Record is the official record of the proceedings and debates of the U.S. Congress. For every day. Congressional ReportCongressional reports originate from congressional committees and deal with proposed legislation or issues under. Congressional Review ActThe Congressional Review Act is a law that lets Congress review and potentially overturn recently issued federal agency rules through a joint resolution of disapproval. ConstituencyConstituency is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Constituency ServiceConstituency Service is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. ConstituentConstituent is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. ConstitutionConstitution is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Constitution AnnotatedA Library of Congress resource that provides legal analysis and interpretation of the United States Constitution. ConstitutionalConstitutional is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Constitutional AnnotationAn explanatory note or analysis that connects constitutional text to court decisions, historical interpretation, and. Constitutional GovernmentConstitutional Government is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. ConstitutionalityConstitutionality is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Consumer Financial Protection BureauConsumer Financial Protection Bureau is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. ContemptContempt is a federal court term connected to rights and remedies; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Contempt of CourtContempt of Court is a federal court term connected to rights and remedies; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. ContinuanceContinuance is a federal court term connected to litigation procedure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Continuing ResolutionContinuing Resolution is a legislative term connected to budget and lawmaking; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. ContractContract is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Controlling OpinionControlling Opinion is a federal court term connected to Supreme Court practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. ConveneConvene is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. CosponsorRepresentatives or Senators who formally sign on to support a measure. Only the first-named Member is the sponsor, all. CosponsorshipCosponsorship is a legislative term connected to budget and lawmaking; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Council of Economic AdvisersCouncil of Economic Advisers is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. CounterclaimCounterclaim is a federal court term connected to court pleadings and parties; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Court of AppealsA court of appeals is a federal appellate court that reviews district-court and agency decisions for legal error. Criminal CaseCriminal Case is a federal court term connected to court pleadings and parties; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Criminal ProcedureCriminal Procedure is a civic and constitutional law term used to understand government power, rights, or public process. CrossclaimCrossclaim is a federal court term connected to court pleadings and parties; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. CrossoverCrossover is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. CRS – Congressional Research ServiceThe Congressional Research Service (CRS) of the Library of Congress works exclusively for the United States Congress. Cruel and Unusual PunishmentCruel and Unusual Punishment is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Customs and Border ProtectionCustoms and Border Protection is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate.

Daily DigestA section of the Congressional Record summarizing the day’s floor and committee actions in each chamber, with page. DamagesDamages is a federal court term connected to rights and remedies; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. De Novo ReviewDe Novo Review is a federal court term connected to judicial decisions and opinions; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. DebateDebate is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. DebtAccumulated borrowing that remains unpaid. Debt CeilingA statutory limit on federal borrowing authority. Declaratory JudgmentDeclaratory Judgment is a federal court term connected to rights and remedies; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. DecreeDecree is a federal court term connected to court pleadings and parties; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Default JudgmentDefault Judgment is a federal court term connected to litigation procedure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. DefeatDefeat is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. DefendantA defendant is the person, official, organization, or government body being sued or charged in a case. Defense CounselDefense Counsel is a federal court term connected to court pleadings and parties; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. DeficitThe yearly gap when federal spending is greater than federal revenue. Delegated PowerDelegated Power is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Delegation of AuthorityDelegation of Authority is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. DeliberationDeliberation is a federal court term connected to litigation procedure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. DemocracyDemocracy is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Denial of CertiorariDenial of Certiorari is a federal court term connected to Supreme Court practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. DepartmentDepartment is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Department HeadDepartment Head is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Department of AgricultureDepartment of Agriculture is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Department of CommerceDepartment of Commerce is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Department of DefenseDepartment of Defense is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Department of EducationDepartment of Education is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Department of EnergyDepartment of Energy is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Department of Health and Human ServicesDepartment of Health and Human Services is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Department of Homeland SecurityDepartment of Homeland Security is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Department of Housing and Urban DevelopmentDepartment of Housing and Urban Development is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Department of JusticeDepartment of Justice is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Department of LaborDepartment of Labor is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Department of StateDepartment of State is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Department of the InteriorDepartment of the Interior is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Department of the TreasuryDepartment of the Treasury is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Department of TransportationDepartment of Transportation is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Department of Veterans AffairsDepartment of Veterans Affairs is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. DepositionDeposition is a federal court term connected to litigation procedure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Deputy SecretaryDeputy Secretary is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. DictaDicta is a federal court term connected to judicial decisions and opinions; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. DiplomacyDiplomacy is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Diplomatic RecognitionDiplomatic Recognition is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Direct EvidenceDirect Evidence is a federal court term connected to evidence and proof; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. DirectorateDirectorate is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Discharge PetitionDischarge Petition is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. DisclosureDisclosure is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. DiscoveryDiscovery is the pretrial process where parties exchange information, documents, testimony, and evidence relevant to the case. Discretionary SpendingFederal spending decided through the annual appropriations process. DismissalDismissal is a federal court term connected to litigation procedure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. DisqualificationDisqualification is a federal court term connected to federal court administration; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. DissentDissent is a federal court term connected to judicial decisions and opinions; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Dissenting OpinionDissenting Opinion is a federal court term connected to appellate practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. DistrictDistrict is a federal court term connected to federal court administration; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. District CourtA district court is the main federal trial court where many civil and criminal cases begin. District JudgeDistrict Judge is a federal court term connected to federal court structure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. DivisionDivision is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Division VoteDivision Vote is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. DocketDocket is a federal court term connected to litigation procedure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Domestic PolicyDomestic Policy is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Double JeopardyDouble Jeopardy is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Drug Enforcement AdministrationDrug Enforcement Administration is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Due ProcessDue process means government must follow fair legal procedures before depriving a person of life, liberty, or property. Due Process And Equal ProtectionDue process and equal protection are Fourteenth Amendment principles that protect fair government procedure, basic liberty, and equal treatment under law. Due Process of LawDue Process of Law is a federal court term connected to rights and remedies; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have.

Early VotingEarly Voting is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. Eighth AmendmentEighth Amendment is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Election DayElection Day is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. ElectorElector is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. Electoral CollegeElectoral College is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. Emergency DeclarationEmergency Declaration is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. En BancEn Banc is a federal court term connected to appellate practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. En Banc ReviewEn Banc Review is a federal court term connected to appellate practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. En Bloc“All together.” Sometimes a committee or congressional chamber will agree to act concurrently on multiple measures. Enabling StatuteA law that creates an agency, program, or regulatory authority and sets the boundaries for what officials may do. EnactedMade into law. EnactmentEnactment is a legislative term connected to budget and lawmaking; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. EnforcementEnforcement is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Enforcement ActionEnforcement Action is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Enforcement AgencyEnforcement Agency is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Enforcement DiscretionEnforcement Discretion is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Engrossed BillEngrossed Bill is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Engrossed MeasureOfficial copy of a measure as passed by one chamber, including the text as amended by floor action. Enrolled BillEnrolled Bill is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Enrolled MeasureFinal official copy of a measure as passed in identical form by both chambers and then printed on parchment for. Enumerated PowerEnumerated Power is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Enumerated PowersEnumerated Powers are powers specifically listed in the Constitution. For Congress, the main list is in Article I, Section 8, including taxing, borrowing, commerce, war, courts, post offices, patents, copyrights, and the power to pass necessary and proper laws to carry those powers into effect. Environmental Protection AgencyEnvironmental Protection Agency is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. EnvoyEnvoy is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Equal Employment Opportunity CommissionEqual Employment Opportunity Commission is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Equal ProtectionEqual protection means government cannot treat similarly situated people differently without a constitutionally sufficient reason. Equal Protection ClauseThe Equal Protection Clause requires states to provide equal protection of the laws and is central to civil-rights and discrimination cases. Equal RightsEqual Rights is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. ErrataErrata are lists of errors in congressional publications. The corrections are printed on sheets, or pages. The errata. Establishment ClauseEstablishment Clause is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. EthicsEthics is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Ex Post Facto LawAn Ex Post Facto Law retroactively makes conduct criminal or increases criminal punishment after the conduct occurred. The Constitution forbids ex post facto criminal laws because people must be able to know the law before they can be punished for violating it. Exclusionary RuleExclusionary Rule is a federal court term connected to evidence and proof; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Exclusive JurisdictionExclusive Jurisdiction is a federal court term connected to jurisdiction and justiciability; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Executive AgencyExecutive Agency is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Executive BranchExecutive Branch is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Executive BusinessNominations and treaties submitted by the president to the Senate for its “Advice and Consent;” the Senate treats such. Executive CalendarThe list of treaties and nominations that are (or soon will become) eligible for consideration by the full Senate. Executive CommunicationWritten statement or petition presented to Congress by the Executive Branch or other organization that may affect. Executive DepartmentExecutive Department is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Executive Office of the PresidentExecutive Office of the President is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Executive OrderA presidential directive to executive-branch agencies, usually published in the Federal Register. Executive PowerExecutive Power is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Executive PrivilegeExecutive Privilege is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Executive ReportA written committee report accompanying a matter of executive business (treaty or nomination) reported by the. Executive SessionA period under Senate rules during which executive business is considered on the floor. (Legislation is considered only. ExpulsionExpulsion is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. ExpungementExpungement is a federal court term connected to rights and remedies; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have.

Federal Aviation AdministrationFederal Aviation Administration is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Federal Bureau of InvestigationFederal Bureau of Investigation is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Federal BureaucracyFederal Bureaucracy is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Federal Communications CommissionFederal Communications Commission is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Federal CourtA federal court is a court created under federal authority to decide cases involving federal law, the Constitution, or other matters Congress assigns to federal courts. Federal Deposit Insurance CorporationFederal Deposit Insurance Corporation is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Federal Depository LibraryLibraries where congressional and other federal publications are available for free public use. Locate a depository. Federal Emergency Management AgencyFederal Emergency Management Agency is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Federal FundingFederal Funding is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Federal GovernmentFederal Government is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Federal JudgeFederal Judge is a federal court term connected to federal court structure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Federal Judicial CenterFederal Judicial Center is a federal court term connected to federal court administration; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Federal RegisterThe Federal Register is the official daily publication for federal rules, proposed rules, notices, and presidential documents. Federal Register NoticeFederal Register Notice is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Federal RepublicA system where power is divided between national and state governments and the people govern through elected representatives. Federal Reserve SystemFederal Reserve System is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Federal Rules of Appellate ProcedureThe Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure govern appeals in the federal courts of appeals. Federal Rules of Civil ProcedureThe Federal Rules of Civil Procedure govern most civil litigation in federal district courts. Federal Rules of Criminal ProcedureThe Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure govern criminal proceedings in federal courts. Federal Rules of EvidenceThe Federal Rules of Evidence govern what information may be admitted and how evidence is handled in federal court. Federal Trade CommissionFederal Trade Commission is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Federal WorkforceFederal Workforce is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. FederalismThe division of power between the national government and state governments. Fifth AmendmentFifth Amendment is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. FilibusterA filibuster is extended Senate debate or delay that can block action unless enough senators agree to end debate. FilingFiling is a federal court term connected to litigation procedure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Final RuleFinal Rule is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. First AmendmentFirst Amendment is a civic and constitutional law term used to understand government power, rights, or public process. Fiscal YearFiscal Year is a legislative term connected to budget and lawmaking; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Fish and Wildlife ServiceFish and Wildlife Service is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. FloorFloor is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Floor ActionFloor Action is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Floor DebateFloor Debate is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Floor ManagerFloor Manager is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Floor VoteFloor Vote is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. FOIAFOIA stands for the Freedom of Information Act, the federal law that lets the public request many agency records. Food and Drug AdministrationFood and Drug Administration is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Foreign PolicyForeign Policy is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Formal RulemakingA rare rulemaking process with trial-like procedures, used only when a statute requires rules to be made on the record after a hearing. Fourteenth AmendmentFourteenth Amendment is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Fourth AmendmentFourth Amendment is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Free ExerciseFree Exercise is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Free PressFree Press is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Free SpeechFree Speech is a civic and constitutional law term used to understand government power, rights, or public process. Freedom of AssemblyFreedom of Assembly is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Freedom of Information ActThe Freedom of Information Act gives the public a process to request records from federal agencies, subject to exemptions. Freedom of PetitionFreedom of Petition is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Freedom of ReligionFreedom of Religion is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Freedom of the PressFreedom of the Press is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Full Faith and Credit ClauseFull Faith and Credit Clause is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used.

General CounselGeneral Counsel is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. General ElectionGeneral Election is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. General Services AdministrationGeneral Services Administration is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. GermaneGermane is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. GermanenessThe requirement that an amendment be closely related—in terms of the precise subject or purpose, for example—to the. GerrymanderingGerrymandering is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. GovernanceGovernance is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Government Accountability OfficeGovernment Accountability Office is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Government Research GuideA curated guide that directs users to reliable official or library-based resources for learning about government, law. Government ShutdownA funding lapse that can stop or limit federal operations when appropriations are not enacted. GPO – Government Publishing OfficeGovernment Publishing Office is a legislative branch agency that provides publishing and dissemination services for the. Grand JuryGrand Jury is a federal court term connected to federal court structure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. GrantGrant is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Grant of CertiorariGrant of Certiorari is a federal court term connected to Supreme Court practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Grant ProgramGrant Program is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. GuidanceGuidance is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Guide to Law OnlineA Library of Congress research guide that points users to legal and governmental resources, including state and.

Habeas CorpusHabeas Corpus is a legal procedure that lets a person challenge unlawful detention in court. The Constitution allows suspension of habeas corpus only in narrow circumstances involving rebellion or invasion when public safety may require it. Harmless ErrorHarmless Error is a federal court term connected to judicial decisions and opinions; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. HearingA formal meeting of a congressional committee (or subcommittee) to gather information from witnesses for use in its. Hearing OfficerHearing Officer is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. HearsayHearsay is a federal court term connected to evidence and proof; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. History of BillsHistory of Bills is a section published within the Congressional Record Index. History of Bills documents legislative. HoldA request by a Senator to his or her party leader to delay floor action on a measure (e.g., bill) or matter (e.g.. HoldingA holding is the part of a court decision that states the legal rule necessary to resolve the case. HopperA wooden box on the House floor into which measures are dropped for formal introduction. House MemberHouse Member is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. House Rules CommitteeA committee in the House that, among other things, is responsible for reporting out “special rules”—simple resolutions.

Identical BillA bill that is word-for-word identical to another bill. Bills are characterized as identical to each other at the. IdeologyIdeology is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Immigration and Customs EnforcementImmigration and Customs Enforcement is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. ImpeachmentImpeachment is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. ImplementationImplementation is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Implied PowerImplied Power is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Implied PowersImplied Powers are powers not stated word-for-word but reasonably connected to carrying out a power the Constitution does grant. Congress uses implied powers when it creates practical legal tools, agencies, procedures, or programs needed to execute its enumerated powers. in Forma Pauperisin Forma Pauperis is a federal court term connected to federal court administration; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Inaugural AddressInaugural Address is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. InaugurationInauguration is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. IncorporationIncorporation is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Incorporation DoctrineIncorporation Doctrine is a civic and constitutional law term used to understand government power, rights, or public process. IncumbentIncumbent is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. Independent AgencyIndependent Agency is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. IndictmentIndictment is a federal court term connected to court pleadings and parties; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Inferior CourtInferior Court is a federal court term connected to federal court structure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Informal RulemakingThe ordinary notice-and-comment process agencies use to issue most federal regulations under the Administrative Procedure Act. InformationInformation is a federal court term connected to court pleadings and parties; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Inherent PowersInherent Powers is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. InitiativeInitiative is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. InjunctionInjunction is a federal court term connected to rights and remedies; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. InspectionInspection is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Inspector GeneralInspector General is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. InteragencyInteragency is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Interest GroupInterest Group is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Interim Final RuleA rule that takes effect before the usual comment process is complete, often because an agency finds urgent good cause, while still allowing later comments. Intermediate ScrutinyIntermediate Scrutiny is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Internal Revenue ServiceInternal Revenue Service is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. International AgreementLegal agreements the United States enters into with other States or international organizations; they may take the form. InterrogatoriesInterrogatories is a federal court term connected to litigation procedure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. IntroduceIntroduce is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. InvestigationInvestigation is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature.

Joint CommitteeJoint Committee is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Joint Explanatory StatementStatement appended to a conference report explaining the conference agreement and the intent of the conferees.. Joint ResolutionA form of legislative measure used to propose changes in law, or to propose an amendment to the U.S. Constitution.. JournalThe constitutionally-mandated record of certain House and Senate actions, including motions offered, votes taken, and. JudgeJudge is a federal court term connected to federal court structure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. JudgmentJudgment is a federal court term connected to court pleadings and parties; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Judicial ActivismJudicial Activism is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Judicial AppointmentJudicial Appointment is a federal court term connected to federal court administration; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Judicial BranchJudicial Branch is a federal court term connected to federal court structure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Judicial ConferenceJudicial Conference is a federal court term connected to federal court administration; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Judicial PowerJudicial Power is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Judicial RestraintJudicial Restraint is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Judicial ReviewThe power of courts to decide whether government action complies with higher law. Judicial VacancyJudicial Vacancy is a federal court term connected to federal court administration; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. JurisdictionJurisdiction is a court’s legal power to hear a case and issue a binding decision. JuryJury is a federal court term connected to federal court structure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Jury TrialJury Trial is a federal court term connected to litigation procedure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. JusticeJustice is a federal court term connected to federal court structure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Justiciable ControversyJusticiable Controversy is a federal court term connected to jurisdiction and justiciability; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have.

KillKill is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature.

Law ClerkLaw Clerk is a federal court term connected to federal court structure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Legal ReasoningLegal Reasoning is a federal court term connected to judicial decisions and opinions; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Legislative Action StepsEach chamber produces detailed, chamber-specific legislative action steps. Each step has a number code. U.S. Congress. Legislative BranchLegislative Branch is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Legislative CounselLegislative counsel offices help turn policy ideas into formal bill text. Legislative InterestA label used by committees to identify bills that were not formally referred to the committee but which the committee. Legislative PowerLegislative Power is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Legislative ProcessThe steps by which a proposal is introduced, considered, amended, passed by Congress, and, when approved, becomes law. Legislative Subject TermThe legislative subject term vocabulary consists of approximately 1,000 subjects, geographic entities, and organization. LegitimacyLegitimacy is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Letter of InquiryLetter of Inquiry is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Library of CongressLibrary of Congress is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Limited GovernmentLimited government means officials have only the powers granted by law and are constrained by constitutional rules and rights. LIV – Legislative Indexing VocabularyThe Legislative Indexing Vocabulary (LIV) was the Congressional Research Service (CRS) thesaurus for subject searching. LobbyingLobbying is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. LobbyistLobbyist is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Local GovernmentLocal Government is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Local RulesLocal Rules is a federal court term connected to federal court administration; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Loper Bright Enterprises v. RaimondoA 2024 Supreme Court decision ending Chevron deference and requiring courts to interpret ambiguous statutes independently rather than defer to agencies.

Magistrate JudgeMagistrate Judge is a federal court term connected to federal court structure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Mail BallotMail Ballot is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. MajorityMajority is a federal court term connected to Supreme Court practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Majority LeaderMajority Leader is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Majority OpinionMajority Opinion is a federal court term connected to appellate practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Majority PartyMajority Party is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Majority RuleMajority Rule is a federal court term connected to judicial decisions and opinions; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Majority VoteMajority Vote is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Majority WhipMajority Whip is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. MandamusMandamus is a federal court term connected to judicial decisions and opinions; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. MandateMandate is a federal court term connected to judicial decisions and opinions; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Mandatory SpendingFederal spending controlled by eligibility rules rather than annual appropriations. MarkupMarkup is the committee process of debating, amending, and voting on a bill before it moves forward. Markup SessionMarkup Session is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. MeasureA legislative vehicle: a bill, joint resolution, concurrent resolution, or simple resolution. Member of CongressMember of Congress is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. MemorialWritten statement or petition presented to Congress by the legislature of a state or territory that may affect the. Merit SystemMerit System is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Merits DocketMerits Docket is a federal court term connected to Supreme Court practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Midterm ElectionMidterm Election is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Minority LeaderMinority Leader is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Minority PartyMinority Party is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Minority WhipMinority Whip is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. MootnessMootness means a court may no longer decide a case because the live dispute has ended or the requested relief can no longer matter. Mootness DoctrineMootness Doctrine is a federal court term connected to jurisdiction and justiciability; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. MotionA motion is a formal request asking a court or legislative body to take a particular action. Motion to Proceed to ConsiderA motion in the Senate, which, if agreed to by a majority of those present and voting, brings a measure (e.g., bill) or. Motion to RecommitIn the House, a motion offered by a member of the minority party at the end of floor consideration that, if adopted in. Motion to TableA non-debatable motion in the House and Senate (and in their committees) by which a simple majority may agree to.

NARA – National Archives and Records AdministrationAfter the President signs a bill into law, it is delivered to NARA’s Office of the Federal Register where editors. National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNational Aeronautics and Space Administration is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. National Archives and Records AdministrationNational Archives and Records Administration is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. National DebtThe total amount the federal government has borrowed and not yet repaid. National Economic CouncilNational Economic Council is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. National EmergencyNational Emergency is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. National GovernmentNational Government is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. National Institutes of HealthNational Institutes of Health is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. National Labor Relations BoardNational Labor Relations Board is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. National Park ServiceNational Park Service is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. National SecurityNational Security is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. National Security AdvisorNational Security Advisor is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. National Security AgencyNational Security Agency is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Natural RightsNatural Rights is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Necessary And Proper ClauseThe Necessary And Proper Clause allows Congress to pass laws needed to carry out its constitutional powers. It is sometimes called the Elastic Clause because it gives Congress practical flexibility, but it does not give Congress unlimited authority outside the Constitution. Negotiated RulemakingA process in which an agency brings affected groups together to develop a proposed rule before formal publication. NegotiationNegotiation is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. NominationThe president’s formal submission of an individual’s name, and the federal government position to which he or she is. Nondelegation DoctrineThe nondelegation doctrine is the principle that Congress may not hand off its legislative power without giving an agency a meaningful standard to follow. NonpartisanNonpartisan is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. NotesLegislative analysts in the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress may supplement a bill record with. Notice of AppealNotice of Appeal is a federal court term connected to appellate practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Notice of Proposed RulemakingA notice of proposed rulemaking is an agency announcement that proposes a rule and invites public comment before a final decision.

OfficeOffice is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Office of Foreign Assets ControlOffice of Foreign Assets Control is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Office of Management and BudgetOffice of Management and Budget is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Office of Personnel ManagementOffice of Personnel Management is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Office of the Federal RegisterOffice of the Federal Register is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Official Government ResourceA resource published or maintained by a government office, public institution, or official program that users can rely. Official TitleA bill’s sponsor designates an official title which may be amended in the course of legislative action. Bills may also. Omnibus BillOmnibus Bill is a legislative term connected to budget and lawmaking; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Open GovernmentOpen Government is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Open RuleAn open rule is a House floor rule that allows any germane amendment to be offered during floor consideration. Open SessionOpen Session is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Opening BriefOpening Brief is a federal court term connected to appellate practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. OpinionAn opinion is a written explanation of a court’s decision and the legal reasoning behind it. Opinion AnnouncementOpinion Announcement is a federal court term connected to Supreme Court practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Oral ArgumentOral argument is a formal court session where lawyers answer judges’ questions and explain why their side should prevail. OrderOrder is a federal court term connected to court pleadings and parties; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Ordered ReportedCommittee’s formal action of agreeing to report a measure or matter to its chamber. See also, reported. OrdinanceOrdinance is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Original BillAn introduced bill that embodies a text approved in a committee markup but not formally introduced prior to the markup.. Original JurisdictionOriginal Jurisdiction is a federal court term connected to jurisdiction and justiciability; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. OriginalismOriginalism is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. OverrideOverride is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. OversightOversight is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Oversight CommitteeOversight Committee is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Oversight HearingOversight Hearing is a legislative term connected to budget and lawmaking; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature.

PACERPACER is the federal courts’ online system for public access to court records and docket information. PanelPanel is a federal court term connected to appellate practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Panel RehearingPanel Rehearing is a federal court term connected to appellate practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. PardonPardon is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. ParliamentarianNonpartisan staff officials (one in each chamber, assisted by deputies and assistants) who provide expert advice and. PartisanPartisan is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Partitioned NominationA presidential nomination (PN) with multiple nominees may be partitioned by the Senate if the nominees follow a. PartyParty is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Party Caucus / ConferenceThe official organization comprised of all members of a political party serving within a congressional chamber (e.g.. PassPass is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Patent and Trademark OfficePatent and Trademark Office is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. PatronagePatronage is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Per Curiam OpinionPer Curiam Opinion is a federal court term connected to appellate practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Personal JurisdictionPersonal Jurisdiction is a federal court term connected to jurisdiction and justiciability; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Persuasive AuthorityPersuasive authority is legal reasoning that a court may consider but does not have to follow. Petit JuryPetit Jury is a federal court term connected to federal court structure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. PetitionWritten statement from any entity other than a state legislature – boards, commissions, cities, towns, individuals –. Petition for CertiorariPetition for Certiorari is a federal court term connected to Supreme Court practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. PetitionerA petitioner is the party asking a court, often an appellate court or the Supreme Court, to take a specific action. Ping-PongSee amendment exchange. PlaintiffA plaintiff is the person or organization that starts a civil lawsuit by filing a complaint. PlatformPlatform is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. PluralityPlurality is a federal court term connected to Supreme Court practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Plurality OpinionPlurality Opinion is a federal court term connected to judicial decisions and opinions; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Pocket VetoPocket Veto is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Pocket Veto OverridePocket Veto Override is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Point of OrderA member’s statement to the presiding officer that the chamber (or committee) is taking action contrary to the rules or. Police PowerPolice Power is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. PolicyPolicy is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Policy Area TermThe policy area term vocabulary is consistently used for all bills and resolutions introduced since 1979 (96th. Policy DirectivePolicy Directive is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Policy GuidancePolicy Guidance is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Policy StatementPolicy Statement is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Political Action CommitteePolitical Action Committee is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. Political AppointeePolitical Appointee is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Political PartyPolitical Party is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Political QuestionA dispute that a court may decline to decide because the Constitution assigns it to another branch or because there are no manageable legal standards for judicial resolution. PollPoll is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. Poll WorkerPoll Worker is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. Polling PlacePolling Place is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. Popular SovereigntyPopular sovereignty is the idea that government authority ultimately comes from the people. Popular TitleAn informal, unofficial name for legislation that may be assigned by the House, Senate, or CRS to improve access.. Popular VotePopular Vote is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Postal ServicePostal Service is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Power Of The PursePower Of The Purse means Congress’s control over federal taxing, borrowing, authorizations, appropriations, and spending conditions. It is one of Congress’s strongest checks because federal programs and agencies generally need congressional legal authority and funding before they can operate. PreamblePreamble is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. PrecedentA prior court decision that guides later courts deciding similar legal questions. Preliminary InjunctionPreliminary Injunction is a federal court term connected to rights and remedies; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Preponderance of the EvidencePreponderance of the Evidence is a federal court term connected to evidence and proof; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. PresidentPresident is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. President Pro TemporePresident Pro Tempore is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Presidential MemorandumA presidential directive or statement often used to instruct agencies or announce policy. Presidential MessageWritten statement presented to the Congress, such as the President’s Budget or the State of the Union address. Presidential ProclamationA formal presidential announcement that may have ceremonial, legal, or policy effect depending on authority. Press SecretaryPress Secretary is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Pretrial ConferencePretrial Conference is a federal court term connected to litigation procedure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Previous QuestionNon-debatable motion, available in the House and its legislative committees, which, when agreed to, cuts off further. PrimaryPrimary is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. Primary ElectionPrimary Election is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. PrivacyPrivacy is a civic and constitutional law term used to understand government power, rights, or public process. Privacy ActThe Privacy Act regulates how federal agencies collect, use, and disclose records about individuals. Private BillIn contrast to public bills (which apply to public matters and deal with individuals only by classes), a private bill. Privileged NominationCertain nominations entitled to expedited procedures, pursuant to S.Res. 116 (112th Congress). Privileges and ImmunitiesPrivileges and Immunities is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Privileges and Immunities ClausePrivileges and Immunities Clause is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Pro Forma SessionA daily session of either chamber held chiefly to avoid the occurrence of either a recess of more than three days. Pro Hac VicePro Hac Vice is a federal court term connected to federal court administration; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Pro SePro Se is a federal court term connected to federal court administration; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Probable CauseProbable Cause is a federal court term connected to evidence and proof; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Procedural Due ProcessProcedural due process requires fair steps such as notice and a meaningful chance to be heard before government deprives a person of protected interests. Procedurally-Related MeasureLegislation that affects consideration of other legislation (e.g., a rule for consideration, a bill ordered to be. ProclamationA proclamation is a presidential document that announces, recognizes, or declares a policy, event, observance, or legal status. ProcurementProcurement is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. ProgramProgram is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Program OfficeProgram Office is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. ProhibitionProhibition is a federal court term connected to judicial decisions and opinions; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Proposed RuleProposed Rule is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Proposed/offered Senate AmendmentA Senate amendment is proposed or offered when a Senator has been recognized by the presiding officer, sends his/her. ProsecutorProsecutor is a federal court term connected to court pleadings and parties; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Public AdministrationPublic Administration is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Public AssistancePublic Assistance is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Public CommentPublic comment is the opportunity for people, organizations, and governments to submit views on proposed agency actions or rules. Public Comment PeriodPublic Comment Period is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Public LawA law that applies generally to the public after passing Congress and completing presidential action or a veto override. Public OfficePublic Office is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Public PolicyPublic Policy is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Public RecordsPublic Records is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Public ServantPublic Servant is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Public TrustPublic Trust is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Published OpinionPublished Opinion is a federal court term connected to appellate practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Punitive DamagesPunitive Damages is a federal court term connected to rights and remedies; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have.

QuorumA quorum is the minimum number of members required for a chamber, committee, or court to conduct official business. Quorum CallAction to formally ascertain the presence of the minimum number of members required to transact business. In the.

Ranking MemberThe most senior (though not necessarily the longest-serving) member of the minority party on a committee (or. RatificationRatification is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Rational Basis ReviewRational Basis Review is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. RationaleRationale is a federal court term connected to judicial decisions and opinions; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Reasonable SuspicionReasonable Suspicion is a federal court term connected to evidence and proof; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. ReauthorizationReauthorization is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. RecallRecall is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. RecedeRecede is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Recess AppointmentA temporary presidential appointment, during a recess of the Senate, of an individual to a federal government position. RecommendationRecommendation is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. ReconciliationReconciliation is a budget process used to change spending, revenue, or debt-limit laws under special rules. Record on AppealRecord on Appeal is a federal court term connected to appellate practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. RecordkeepingRecordkeeping is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Records RetentionRecords Retention is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. RecountRecount is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. RecusalRecusal is a federal court term connected to federal court administration; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. RedistrictingRedistricting is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. ReferendumReferendum is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. ReferralAssignment of a measure to a committee or committees (or subcommittees) for potential consideration. See also. RegulationA legally binding rule issued by an agency under authority granted by law. Regulatory AgencyRegulatory Agency is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Regulatory ImpactRegulatory Impact is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. ReinstatementReinstatement is a federal court term connected to rights and remedies; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Related BillA related bill may be a companion measure, an identical bill, a procedurally-related measure, or one with text. RelevanceRelevance is a federal court term connected to evidence and proof; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. ReliefRelief is a federal court term connected to rights and remedies; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. RemandRemand is a federal court term connected to jurisdiction and justiciability; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. RemandedRemanded means an appellate court has sent a case back to a lower court for more proceedings. RemedyRemedy is a federal court term connected to rights and remedies; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. RemittiturRemittitur is a federal court term connected to appellate practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. RemovalRemoval is a federal court term connected to jurisdiction and justiciability; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. RepealRepeal is a legislative term connected to budget and lawmaking; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Reply BriefReply Brief is a federal court term connected to appellate practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. ReportReport is a legislative term connected to budget and lawmaking; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Report OutReport Out is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. ReportedFormal submission of a measure by a committee to its parent chamber or by a subcommittee to its parent committee. See. RepresentativeRepresentative is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Representative DemocracyRepresentative Democracy is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. RepublicRepublic is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Request for AdmissionRequest for Admission is a federal court term connected to litigation procedure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Requests for ProductionRequests for Production is a federal court term connected to litigation procedure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Reserved Bill NumberIn recent Congresses, the resolution specifying House internal rules of procedure includes reserving bill numbers for. Reserved PowerReserved Power is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Reserved PowersReserved powers are powers kept by the states or the people rather than given to the federal government. ResolutionResolution is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Resolution of DisapprovalResolution of Disapproval is a legislative term connected to budget and lawmaking; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Resolution of RatificationA resolution by which the Senate, if supported by a vote of two-thirds, formally gives its advice and consent to a. RespondentA respondent is the party answering a petition, especially in appellate or Supreme Court proceedings. Response BriefResponse Brief is a federal court term connected to appellate practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Retired JudgeRetired Judge is a federal court term connected to federal court administration; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. RevenueMoney collected by government, especially through taxes and fees. Revenue BillA bill for raising federal revenue that must originate in the House of Representatives. ReversedReversed means an appellate court has set aside the lower court’s decision as wrong in whole or in part. ReviewReview is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. RiderRider is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Right to AssembleRight to Assemble is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Right to CounselRight to Counsel is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Right to PetitionRight to Petition is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. RipenessRipeness asks whether a dispute has developed enough for a court to decide it instead of reviewing a speculative future problem. Roll Call VoteA vote that records the individual position of each Member who voted. Such votes occurring on the House floor (by the. RuleRule is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Rule of FourRule of Four is a federal court term connected to Supreme Court practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Rule of LawRule of law means government officials and private people are bound by publicly known legal rules rather than personal power. RulemakingRulemaking is the agency process for creating, changing, or repealing regulations, often including notice and public comment. Rules CommitteeThe Rules Committee is the House committee that often sets the terms for floor debate, amendments, and voting on major bills. RunoffRunoff is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. Runoff ElectionRunoff Election is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work.

SanctionSanction is a federal court term connected to rights and remedies; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Search and SeizureSearch and Seizure is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Search WarrantSearch Warrant is a federal court term connected to evidence and proof; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Second AmendmentSecond Amendment is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Secret ServiceSecret Service is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. SecretarySecretary is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Securities and Exchange CommissionSecurities and Exchange Commission is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Select CommitteeSelect Committee is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Selective IncorporationSelective Incorporation is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Self-IncriminationSelf-Incrimination is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. SenatorSenator is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Senior StatusSenior Status is a federal court term connected to federal court administration; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. SentenceSentence is a federal court term connected to litigation procedure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Separation of Church and StateSeparation of Church and State is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Separation of PowersThe division of lawmaking, executive, and judicial authority among Congress, the President, and the courts. Serial SetThe United States Congressional Serial Set is commonly referred to as the Serial Set. Publication of Serial Set volumes. Service of ProcessService of Process is a federal court term connected to litigation procedure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. SessionSession is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. SettlementSettlement is a federal court term connected to litigation procedure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Shadow DocketShadow Docket is a federal court term connected to Supreme Court practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Short TitleIn addition to an official title, a bill may be assigned one or more short titles upon introduction, committee or. Signing StatementSigning Statement is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Simple MajoritySimple Majority is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Simple ResolutionA form of legislative measure introduced and potentially acted upon by only one congressional chamber and used for the. Sitting JusticesSitting Justices is a federal court term connected to Supreme Court practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Sixth AmendmentSixth Amendment is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Slip LawThe initial publication of a measure that has become law. Slip laws are made available online within days after. Small Business AdministrationSmall Business Administration is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Social Security AdministrationSocial Security Administration is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. SovereigntySovereignty is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Speaker of the HouseSpeaker of the House is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Special ElectionSpecial Election is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Special RuleA resolution reported by the Rules Committee that, if agreed to by the House, sets the terms for debating and amending. Specialized CourtSpecialized Court is a federal court term connected to federal court structure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Specific PerformanceSpecific Performance is a federal court term connected to rights and remedies; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. SpeechSpeech is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. Speedy TrialSpeedy Trial is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Spending BillSpending Bill is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Spending PowerSpending Power is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. SponsorA Representative or Senator who introduces or submits a bill or other measure. SponsorshipSponsorship is a legislative term connected to budget and lawmaking; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Standard of ReviewStandard of Review is a federal court term connected to judicial decisions and opinions; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. StandingStanding is the requirement that a person bringing a case has a real, personal stake in the dispute. Standing CommitteeStanding Committee is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Standing Committee ReportA standing committee report explains a committee’s action, reasoning, and recommended changes to a bill. Standing OrderStanding Order is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Star PrintStar prints are corrected re-prints of congressional publications. Star prints supersede the original print of a. Stare DecisisStare decisis is the principle that courts should generally follow earlier decisions when the same legal issue returns. State GovernmentState Government is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. State Legal ResourcesOfficial and research resources that help users find a state constitution, statutes, regulations, court information. State of the UnionState of the Union is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. StatuteA law enacted by a legislature. Statutes At LargeThe Statutes at Large is the permanent collection of all laws and resolutions enacted during each session of Congress.. StayStay is a federal court term connected to rights and remedies; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Stay Pending AppealStay Pending Appeal is a federal court term connected to judicial decisions and opinions; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Strict ScrutinyStrict Scrutiny is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. Structured RuleA structured rule is a House floor rule that permits only selected amendments, usually those identified in advance. Sua SponteSua Sponte is a federal court term connected to judicial decisions and opinions; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. SubcommitteeSubcommittee is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. SubjectThere are three separate and distinct subject term vocabularies used to facilitate finding bills by subject. See. Subject-Matter JurisdictionSubject-Matter Jurisdiction is a federal court term connected to jurisdiction and justiciability; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Submitted Senate AmendmentAn amendment is submitted when a senator files his/her amendment at the desk with the clerk for possible future. SubpoenaA Subpoena is a legal order requiring a person to testify, provide documents, or produce other evidence. Congress may use subpoenas in oversight and investigations, while courts also use subpoenas in litigation. SubsidySubsidy is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Substantive Due ProcessSubstantive due process asks whether certain government actions violate fundamental liberty even if procedures were formally followed. Substitute AmendmentSubstitute Amendment is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. SuffrageSuffrage is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. Summary DispositionSummary Disposition is a federal court term connected to judicial decisions and opinions; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Summary JudgmentSummary Judgment is a federal court term connected to litigation procedure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. SummonsSummons is a federal court term connected to litigation procedure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Sunset ClauseSunset Clause is a legislative term connected to budget and lawmaking; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. SupermajorityA term sometimes used for a vote on a matter that requires approval by more than a simple majority of those members. Supplemental AppropriationSupplemental Appropriation is a legislative term connected to budget and lawmaking; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Suppression MotionSuppression Motion is a federal court term connected to evidence and proof; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Supremacy ClauseSupremacy Clause is a civic and constitutional law term used to understand government power, rights, or public process. Supreme CourtThe Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States and has final authority over federal constitutional and legal questions. Supreme Court Case LawThe body of legal rules and interpretations that develops from decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States. SurplusSurplus is a legislative term connected to budget and lawmaking; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Suspension of the RulesIn the House, a procedure that streamlines consideration of a measure with wide support by prohibiting floor.

TableTable is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Task ForceTask Force is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Tax BillTax Bill is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Taxing PowerTaxing Power is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Temporary Restraining OrderTemporary Restraining Order is a federal court term connected to rights and remedies; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. TermTerm is a federal court term connected to Supreme Court practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Term LimitTerm Limit is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Territorial LawThe body of constitutional, statutory, regulatory, and local legal materials that applies to a United States territory. TestimonyTestimony is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Text SimilaritiesLegislation that is substantially similar in both text and meaning. Relationships indicated on this basis also include. TextualismTextualism is a government term used to understand public authority, official process, rights, responsibilities, or records. TitleSee official title, popular title, and short title Town HallTown Hall is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. TransparencyTransparency is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. TreatyAn agreement negotiated and signed by the executive that enters into force if it is approved by a two-thirds vote in. Treaty DocumentThe text of a treaty as submitted to the Senate by the executive branch, as well as letters of transmittal from the. Treaty RatificationTreaty Ratification is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. TrialTrial is a federal court term connected to litigation procedure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Trial CourtTrial Court is a federal court term connected to federal court structure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. TurnoutTurnout is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. Two-Thirds VoteTwo-Thirds Vote is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature.

U.S. Census BureauU.S. Census Bureau is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. U.S. ConstitutionU.S. Constitution is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. U.S. Marshals ServiceU.S. Marshals Service is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. U.S. Trade RepresentativeU.S. Trade Representative is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Unanimous ConsentUnanimous Consent is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Unanimous Consent AgreementIn the Senate, a proposal that, if agreed to, establishes the procedural guidelines for considering a measure or matter. Unanimous Consent RequestA proposal that all members (of a chamber or committee) agree to set aside one or more chamber or committee rules to. UnconstitutionalUnconstitutional is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. Unconstitutional ActionUnconstitutional Action is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. UndersecretaryUndersecretary is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. United States Agency for International DevelopmentUnited States Agency for International Development is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. United States GovernmentUnited States Government is a foundational government or constitutional term that helps explain how public power is created, limited, divided, or used. United States Postal ServiceUnited States Postal Service is a federal department, agency, office, or public institution connected to the administration of federal law, services, records, or policy. Unpublished OpinionUnpublished Opinion is a federal court term connected to appellate practice; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have.

Vacant SeatVacant Seat is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. VacatedVacated means a court has set aside a previous judgment or order so it no longer has legal effect. VenueVenue is a federal court term connected to jurisdiction and justiciability; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. VerdictVerdict is a federal court term connected to litigation procedure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. VetoPresidential disapproval of a bill or joint resolution presented to him for enactment into law. If a president vetoes a. Veto OverrideVeto Override is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Vice PresidentVice President is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. Voice VoteVoice Vote is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Voir DireVoir Dire is a federal court term connected to litigation procedure; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Vote ThresholdVote Threshold is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. VoterVoter is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. Voter RegistrationVoter Registration is an elections or civic-participation term that helps explain how voters, candidates, campaigns, ballots, or election administration work. Voting RightsVoting Rights is a civic and constitutional law term used to understand government power, rights, or public process.

War PowersWar Powers are constitutional authorities over military force and national defense. Congress can declare war, raise and support armed forces, fund or limit military activity, and make rules for the military, while the President acts as commander in chief. West WingWest Wing is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. White HouseWhite House is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. WitnessWitness is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Witness ListWitness List is a legislative term connected to legislative procedure; it helps explain how bills, votes, committees, budgets, or oversight actions move through Congress or another legislature. Working GroupWorking Group is an executive-branch or administrative term connected to how federal departments, agencies, presidential offices, or public programs operate. WritWrit is a federal court term connected to court pleadings and parties; it helps explain who is involved, what step is happening, and what legal effect the step may have. Writ of CertiorariA writ of certiorari is the formal order by which the Supreme Court agrees to review a case.