Congress is the legislative arm of our government and its job is to make laws. Congress is made up of two houses: the Senate (upper) and the House of Representatives (lower). Each state has two senators in the Senate. The number of representatives a state has is determined by its population. While the house and senate are similar, there are some differences.
Major Differences Between the Two Houses of Congress:
House
- 435 members serving two-year terms
- Speaker’s referral of bills to committee is hard to challenge.
- Rules Committee powerful; controls time of debate, admissibility of amendments.
- Committees almost always consider legislation first.
- Debate usually limited to one hour.
- Non-germane amendments may not be introduced from floor.
Senate
- 100 members serving rotating six-year terms
- Referral decisions easy to challenge.
- Rules Committee weak; few limits on debate or amendments.
- Committee consideration easily bypassed.
- Unlimited debate unless shortened by unanimous consent or by invoking cloture.
- Non-germane amendments may be introduced (riders).
- List of United States Senate Classes
Qualifications for Entering Congress:
House:
- Must be 25 years of age (when seated, not when elected).
- Must have been a citizen of the United States for 7 years.
- Must be an inhabitant of the state from which elected.
(NOTE: custom, but not the Constitution, requires that a representative live in the district that he or she represents.)
Senate:
- Must be 30 years of age (when seated, not when elected).
- Must have been a citizen of the United States for 9 years.
- Must be an inhabitant of the state from which elected.
If you want more information on the House or Senate, check out:
Congress.gov — Contains information on current legislation, the Congressional Record, congressional committees and current members of Congress.
Senate.gov — Contains information on current members and legislation in the Senate.
House.gov — Contains information on current members and legislation in the House.
Congressional Leadership
I. Senate
| PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE | Selected by majority party. Usually most senior member of the Senate majority party. |
| Majority Leader | Leads the party. |
| Majority Whip | Assists the leader, rounds up votes, heads group of deputy whips. |
| Chairman of the Conference | Presides over meetings of all members of the Senate majority party. |
| Policy Committee | Schedules legislation. |
| Legislative Review Committee | Reviews legislative proposals and makes recommendations to senators of the majority party. |
| Steering Committee | Assigns Senators of the majority party to committees. |
| Republican/Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee | Assigns Senators of the majority party to committees. |
| Minority Leader | Leads the party. |
| Assistant Minority Leader | Assists the leader, rounds up votes. |
| Chairman of the Conference | Presides over meetings of all senators of the minority party. |
| Policy Committee | Makes recommendations on party policy. |
| Committee on Committees | Assigns Senators of the minority party to committees. |
II. House
| SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE | Selected by the majority party. |
| Majority Leader | Leads the party. |
| Majority Whip | Assists the leader, rounds up votes, heads group of deputy whips. |
| Chairman of the Caucus | Presides over meetings of all members of the majority party. |
| Steering and Policy Committee | Schedules legislation, assigns members of the majority party to committees. |
| Republican/Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee | Provides funds, advice to Republican/Democratic candidates for the House. |
| Minority Leader | Leads the party. |
| Minority Whip | Assists the leader, rounds up votes, heads large forum of deputy and assistant whips. |
| Chairman of the Conference | Presides over meetings of all members of the minority party. |
| Committee on Committees | Assigns members of the minority party to committees. |
| Policy Committee | Advises on party policy. |
| Research Committee | On request, provides information about issues. |
The Powers of Congress
The powers of Congress are found in Article 1, section 8, of the Constitution.
The following is a brief summary:
- To levy and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises.
- To borrow money.
- To regulate commerce with foreign nations, among the states, and with Indian tribes.
- To establish rules for naturalization (that is, becoming a citizen) and bankruptcy.
- To coin money, set its value, and punish counterfeiting.
- To fix the standard of weights and measures.
- To establish a post office and post roads.
- To issue patents and copyrights to inventors and authors.
- To create courts inferior to (that is, below) the Supreme Court.
- To define and punish piracies, felonies on the high seas, and crimes against the law of nations.
- To declare war.
- To raise and support an army and navy and make rules for their governance.
- To provide for a militia (reserving to the states the right to appoint militia officers and to train the militia under congressional rule).
- To exercise exclusive legislative powers over the seat of government (that is, the District of Columbia) and over places purchased to be federal facilities (forts, arsenals, dockyards, and “other needful buildings.”)
- To “make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for the carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States.”